简介

0.3.3 基于风险的思维

基于风险的思维（见附录A.4）是实现质量管理体系有效性的前提。本标准以前的版本已经隐含基于风险思维的概念，例如：采取预防措施消除潜在的不合格，对发生的不合格进行分析，并采取与不合格的影响相适应的措施,防止其再发生。

为了满足本标准的要求,组织需策划和实施应对风险和利用机遇的措施。应对风险和利用机遇可为提高质量管理体系有效性、实现改进结果以及防止不利影响奠定基础。

机遇的出现可能意味着某种有利于实现预期结果的局面，例如：有利于组织吸引顾客、开发新产品和服务、减少浪费或提高生产率的一系列情形。利用机遇所采取的措施也可能包括考虑相关风险。风险是不确定性的影响,不确定性可能有正面或负面的影响。风险的正面影响可能提供机遇，但并非所有的正面影响均可提供机遇。

0.3.3 Risk-Based Thinking

Risk-based thinking (see Clause A.4) is essential for achieving an effective quality management system. The concept of risk-based thinking has been implicit in previous editions of this International Standard including, for example, carrying out preventive action to eliminate potential nonconformities, analyzing any nonconformities that do occur, and taking action to prevent recurrence that is appropriate for the effects of the nonconformity.

To conform to the requirements of this International Standard, an organization needs to plan and implement actions to address risks and opportunities. Addressing both risks and opportunities establishes a basis for increasing the effectiveness of the quality management system, achieving improved results, and preventing negative effects.

Opportunities can arise as a result of a situation favorable to achieving an intended result, for example, a set of circumstances that allow the organization to attract customers, develop new products and services, reduce waste, or improve productivity. Actions to address opportunities can also include consideration of associated risks. Risk is the effect of uncertainty and any such uncertainty can have positive or negative effects. A positive deviation arising from a risk can provide an opportunity, but not all positive effects of risk result in opportunities.